5 Usage Errors

5 Usage Errors 5 Usage Errors 5 Usage Errors By Mark Nichol Careless or uninformed writers are at risk of using the wrong word for the job. Here are five examples of such mistakes by professional writers, with discussions and corrections: 1. â€Å"The idea that an economically struggling country of 24 million could submit a technically superior country that occupies 3.79 million square miles is preposterous.† This sentence offers two usage errors for the price of one. First, the party that does the submitting is the loser, not the victor; the writer perhaps confused submit with subdue. Second, technically means â€Å"in a technical manner†; the larger country is technologically superior. Here’s the revision: â€Å"The idea that an economically struggling country of 24 million could subdue a technologically superior country that occupies 3.79 million square miles is preposterous.† 2. â€Å"But if you’re awaiting the demise of local housing prices, you may be waiting a long time.† The reader is presumably not waiting for local housing prices to die, but that’s what this sentence says. The writer should have used decline in place of demise (â€Å"But if you’re awaiting the decline of local housing prices, you may be waiting a long time†) or should revise the sentence: â€Å"But if you’re waiting for local housing prices to decrease, you may be waiting a long time.† 3. â€Å"The recovered bodies were kept in rows on the premise of a nearby school.† Premise is almost correct, but the word means â€Å"a proposition or presupposition,† or â€Å"an explanation.† The writer should have used the plural form of the word, which, in addition to referring to more than one of the preceding items, denotes a building or part of a building and, often, the land on which it is located. (This sense derives from the fact that the real estate’s characteristics are explained in the premises of a deed.) The sentence should read, â€Å"The recovered bodies were kept in rows on the premises of a nearby school.† 4. â€Å"He was considered a shoe-in for the position.† This sentence includes a homophonic error in which the erroneous term shoe-in is, with some justification, confused for shoo-in, because writers might believe that the image of wedging one’s shoe between a doorway and a door to ensure entry is reasonably analogous to having an advantage. But the sentence should read, â€Å"He was considered a shoo-in for the position.† 5. â€Å"Eastwood’s conversation with an empty chair on stage begs the question: Will his latest film also be playing to empty seats when it debuts later this month?† The primary error here is the common misuse of the phrase â€Å"beg(s) the question,† which refers to a fallacious argument in which an assumption being argued is used to prove itself (as in, for example, â€Å"It’s very cold because it’s below freezing†), when the writer means simply â€Å"invites the question.† But this slight revision preserves syntax typical in valid begging-the-question arguments. The sentence can simply be restated â€Å"Eastwood’s conversation with an empty chair on stage invites us to ask whether his latest film will also be playing to empty seats when it debuts later this month.† If the original sentence structure is retained, the colon should be omitted a colon brings a sentence to a temporary halt, which is wrong for this sentence format and the question placed in quotation marks to delineate it: â€Å"Eastwood’s conversation with an empty chair on stage begs the question ‘Will his latest film also be playing to empty seats when it debuts later this month?’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowEmail EtiquetteUlterior and Alterior

V Kurien Bio Essay Example

V Kurien Bio Essay Example V Kurien Bio Essay V Kurien Bio Essay †¦ the leader has to set a personal example and make others understand in what ways change’ is going to be useful. I believe that professionals working in our organizations must have a clarity of thought combined with a passionate pursuit of mastery of their subject. Kurien combined vision with administrative abilities. He had an uncanny ability to influence the leaders and virtually had a free hand from all prime ministers, right from Lal Bahadur Shastri to Atal Bihari Vajpayee.Despite holding him in high esteem people never felt intimidated by the man - because he would also be sublimely human as he spoke forcefully about reaching out and helping the farmer live with respect. He would chide someone for keeping the campus lights on during the day. It was the norm at NDDB to put up notes on one-sided papers, even those that went up to the Chairman. Verghese Kurien: Father of White Revolution Biography Verghese Kurien was a renowned Indian social entrepreneur and the architect of the worlds biggest agricultural development programme.The operation took India from being a milk-deficient nation, to the largest milk producer in the world and saw the birth of AMUL, the world’s biggest cooperative dairy brand. Born a Keralite, after his masters degree, he was deputed to the Government dairy at Anand in Gujarat where he rather half-heartedly served out his bond period against the scholarship given by Govt of India. However, Enthused by the challenge of doing something for the milk farmers, he resigned from his government job and volunteered to help Shri Tribhuvandas in changing the lives of farmers and end their exploitation at the hands of middlemen.This be came a journey of a lifetime for him and he ended up making Gujarat his home. He faced innumerable challenges, ranging from interference of politicians and bureaucrats, unavailability of technology and lack of trained manpower. He saw opportunity in every crisis. He founded around 30 institutions of excellence (like GCMMF, IRMA, NDDB), which are owned by farmers and run by professionals. His work has alleviated millions out of poverty not only in India but also outside. Unlike many who would have made a personal fortune and gone unquestioned, Dr Kurien retired and lived a simple middle class existence till his end.Lessons in Leadership * He always delegated greater responsibility to his subordinates. It would surprise many to know that Kurien also saw every new Amul advertisement along with the rest - on the billboards! * He had a reputation for not dressing up his thoughts and actions in political correctness. The then Chief Minister of Rajasthan did not agree to autonomy being gi ven to the milk cooperatives and told Kurien that Rajasthan’s farmers were not as capable of managing their businesses as Gujarat’s farmers.Kurien then said that if the CM’s constituency, Jodhpur (rural), was capable of electing him, surely they could manage their own little milk businesses. * Funds became a problem when the movie Manthan was being planned. Kurien asked all the farmer members to contribute Rs 2 for the film project. The low budget film won national awards and continues to be considered as the best tool to educate farmers about cooperative movements. Learn More Autobiography: I Too Had a Dream Sources Various news articles, websites of NDDB and GCMMF

Tower of Pisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tower of Pisa - Essay Example As suggested by Puzrin, Alonso and Pinyol (2010), experts have not been agreeing on the problem leading to the failure of the project. Some argue that it is static while others argue that it was the ground sinking or the effects of the design used by the particular architect. The main cause of the leaning is attributed to the reaction of composite clay, sand, and shells on which the tower is built on. The tower was prone to two major risks one being a failure in the structure of the fragile masonry and toppling as a result of the breaking up the of the foundation’s subsoil. One of the solutions put in place to counter this problem was the installation of a counterweight on the northern side of the base of the tower so as to stop the tilting. This solution did not succeed and therefore another solution was initiated in 1995. This involved inserting compressed steel cables and the same compressing was done to the subsoil. This instead increased the leaning of the tower. After th e period of structural restoration, the tower is now undergoing surface restoration so as to repair visual damage especially corrosion and darkening. In 1964 the Italian government requested for assistance in saving the tower from collapsing, however it was considered to leave the tilt as it was vital for promoting tourism in the city of Pisa, as suggested by D’Alfonso (2005) Owing to the failure of the solutions used for restoring the tilting of the tower, the Italian commission embarked on a subsoil study program in 1965.

Environmental Scan & SWOT Analysis Research Paper

Environmental Scan & SWOT Analysis - Research Paper Example The approach by the company in the last five years has been the milestone in the establishment of a global brand. Through focusing on brand pyramid and dynamics encompassing silky design, pleasurable experience, and the interplay between driving pleasure and serenity, the corporation established consistency and high level alignment in the sector (Anushree, 2012). Additionally, the global financial position has been useful in the strength creation which is vital in the wadding off competition. One major financial indicator is the overall growth of the corporation. From the financial year of 2002 t0 2006, Nissan experienced an average growth in revenue of 13.8%, net income growth of 11.33%, and a net asset growth of 15. 62%. The values indicate the financial strength of the organization (Cleland & Ireland, 2006, p. 22). Weakness Despite the positives, the company has several key weaknesses that could lead to serious problem in case of the increase global financial crisis. The company r elies heavily on overseas markets which may be affected by the increasing financial crisis and recess. The second major weakness is the product innovation time lag. For instance the company launched two new or redesigned vehicles. This is low compared to 14 in the three previous years. The result of the misjudgment may affect the brand visibility due to the increasing competition. Thirdly, the Japanese market does not use diesel as such diesel vehicles accounts for only 0.4% but the usage of diesel engines in the euro zone is high. The major problem is that the company has not invested in the development of the diesel engine leading to the technological drawback (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Opportunity The major opportunity existing in the Asian market is low penetration and improved income levels leading to continuous jumps in the demand for vehicles. This is an opportunity that can be grasped to increase profitability. Secondly, the relocation of the manufacturing units to regions with lower production costs leads to the better and improved profits for the corporation. Additionally, manufacturing units in America and Europe have huge capacities in line with their vast domestic automobile output (Chilton & Bloodgood, 2010). The creation of the Renault-Nissan purchasing organization in 2001 helped in the combination of resources to create an efficient organization. Threats Cross-cultural disharmony is created through the integration of Renault and Nissan. The occurrence of disharmony creates a challenge for the corporation and may result in serious problems if not properly solved (Cleland & Ireland, 2006). Additionally, the rising commodity price is a major threat for the company because it increases the production cost. The rise of cost of raw material such as steel will create a vital threat to the corporation. Finally, market saturation can affect the corporation in line with the changes in the market demands. The rise of the SUV market is a testament of the chan ge in the product and market innovation, which in turn affect the market composition (Anushree, 2012). Environmental Scan Environmental scan addresses the issues of political, economic, social, legislative and environmental concern for the company. After the global financial crisis experienced in 2007 to 2009, changes have been instituted in the financial and banking sectors.

Proposal on the Disposal of Old Computers by Recycling Essay Example for Free

Proposal on the Disposal of Old Computers by Recycling Essay Imagining if we have 500 computers to dispose of, including its monitors attached to it, we are leaving approximately 3,000 lbs. of lead in the ground contaminating our environment if we do not recycle them properly. First step is the creation of a Disposal Team consisting of at least three IT personnel of our company and be responsible in the proper disposal of all the old machines by forwarding it to a third-party recycling organization. The team shall first take inventory not only the computers but also the monitors attached, non-working printers, fax machines, and copiers. Everything should be accounted for and make sure nothing will be just sitting around or just piling up somewhere in the workplace and suggest that this assessment must be done regularly. The team will also be responsible in reformatting and removing the hard drives using applicable security software in cleaning all the information of the hard drives to prevent from other people from recovering any vital or sensitive information it may hold. It is also important to remove all company control tags to avoid identification to which company it came from. In the selection of the right recycling company, the disposal team shall make a thorough research and make recommendations for me as to the name of the company and why they had chosen such company. My primary requirement is that the company should not only be reputable but also certified, and a participant of the EPAs Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Electronics Challenge program. The Challenge has three main goals, namely: 1. Ensure responsible recycling through the use of third-party certified recyclers, 2. Increase transparency and accountability through public posting of electronics collection and recycling data, and 3. Encourage outstanding performance through awards and recognition (EPA. gov, 2012, Electronics Challenge, p. 2). Participants under this program responsibly manage used electronics collected by maximizing recycling and possible reuse, minimize damage to humans and the environment and proper destruction of sensitive information on all recycled machines. Reputable recycling companies must provide written documentation of the disposal procedures, they should tell us where did the hard drive sent or how did they destroy it. We do not want the old machines to be sent to third-world countries dumping ground where it will harm their own people due to its hazardous waste. The company should state it clear how they handle data destruction. If they cannot provide such documentation then it is not a reputable one. Finally, the recycling company must submit to our company a report or written documentation on the procedure on how it handled its machine disposal with record of serial numbers, type of machine, description, and date of disposal. Recommendation In addition to the new recycling program being adopted in our company, I am also suggesting leasing of computers instead of buying them. Leasing in the financial aspect may save the company money by not spending too much on computers upfront. Usually, lease runs for about three years almost the same time as new technology has just set in. The companys computer then will always have the latest technology and even the latest operating system. The company will also be entitled for purchase credits from the vendor upon return of older units when lease is up and upgrade for newer ones. In that way our company will not assume ownership of the machines and the vendor itself will be the one responsible in recycling it, less burden, and lesser tasks from our IT department. References What are the benefits of the SMM Electronics Challenge? (2012, September). Electronics Challenge, page 1. Retrieved  from  http://www. pa. gov/smm/electronics/ec_q;amp;a. htm Meyer, M. J. , El Ella, W. A. , ;amp; Young, R. M. (2004, 2004). Disposal of Old Computer Equipment. The CPA Journal, page 1. Retrieved  from  http://www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/2004/704/essentials/p70. htm

Rush Limbaugh :: essays research papers

Rush Limbaugh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rush Limbaugh has done much more than just change the style of talk radio, he has become somewhat of a political leader for many Americans. He has been the type of spokesman many people have been looking for. â€Å"Why am I being called the most dangerous man in America?† Limbaugh asks his listeners. â€Å" Because I am right, and I enjoy being right.† (June 3, 1995, The Philadelphia Inquirer) Rush has caused people to change their views of the country and it's political leaders. He's had many things that have built him up to the â€Å" political preacher† you see today. Rush's early life, his major accomplishments, and his personal life are just a few of the characteristics that make Rush the leader he is today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rush's early life affected who he is today in many ways. Limbaugh comes from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, were he was born on Jan. 12, 1951. Rush, or Rusty as he was called as a kid, was a chubby, insecure youth who craved but rarely received the approval of his father, writes Paul Colford, author of â€Å" The Rush Limbaugh Story†. â€Å"Rush got his first job as a shoeshine boy at the age of 13.† (People 7-24-95 pgs. 166-168) At the age of 16, serving as a disc jockey, Rush got his first taste of radio. From there, Rusty began to work at several different stations, none of which were getting him anywhere. During one of his first radio jobs Rush went by the name Jeff Christie while working for KQV in Pittsburgh. He was fired by a man named Jim Carnegie, who now says that he was instructed to fire him, but as soon as Jim got his next job, he hired Rush again. At the age of 28 Rush took a job organizing community events for the Kansas City Royals. This paid him $18,000 a year. Rush spent five unfulfilling years with the Royals. â€Å"No fault of people at the Royals,† Limbaugh told Talkers, a radio-industry magazine several years ago. â€Å"I was just doing the wrong thing.† (June 3, 1995, The Philadelphia Inquirer) In 1983 Limbaugh decided to try radio again. By 1984 he was working as a talk-show host for a station in Sacramento California. This is were he was encouraged to speak his mind, and form the style he has today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rush Limbaugh has had many great accomplishments through his life as well. â€Å"Rush is viewed as having single-handedly saved AM radio, and I don't think that is an unfair characterization,† says Dave Rimmer, former WWDB-FM program director, who added Limbaugh to the station's lineup three years ago.

Regional development in France Essay

Regional development in France Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conventional approach to regional development was assumed by central governments using the levers of infrastructure, subsidies to firms, and the setting of public sector operations. Regional development policies has been superseded by a fashionable approach characterized by decentralized intervention based on integrated regional development plans and strategies, delivered and designed by partnerships of local and regional actors. Regional policy has been in existence for over fifty places especially in Western Europe. Regional policy existed in countries that were affected by the Great Depression of 1930. It became famous part of social policy intervention and widening economic undertaken by all Western European countries from 1950 to 1970. The regional policy began to change in the mid 1970s due to slow economic development and new political policies. The European Union created its regional policy with more and more resources devoted to social and economic cohesion (Funck & Pizzati, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present economic crisis led the French government to develop measures to accelerate implementation of the operational programs with respect to digital infrastructure, sustainable development, and energy efficiency for housing. Consecutively, some regional authorities included additional measured especially in environment and innovation. The rate of implementation of operational programs is somewhat low among all regions. The differences between regions to an extent depend on the cooperation level between regional and central government. The implementation rate is lowest in sustainable development and highest in the knowledge economy. Annual implementation reports maintain that the crisis between central and regional governments had a negative impact on implementation mainly because enterprises are slow in launching projects. Analysis of regional development is difficult due to lack of comparability of the indicators and homogeneity. In addition, it poses difficult to identify achievements in comparison to the objectives (Lopriore, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is in the policy part ‘knowledge economy’ that the key results and outputs originate: the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SRI; R&D equipment and infrastructure, and collaborative R&D projects in relation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pà ´les de compà ©titività © and poles of excellence and to regional filià ¨res.The SRI program implemented in 2009 has possibly played a affirmative function, jointly with the crisis in support of the execution of improvement support policies. There are fewer consequences for more customary policies such as support to knowledge transfer organizations and to communal actions of enterprises. United regions have focused their labors on intensifying their human resources and research potential that corresponds to a recognized need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second policy is accessibility and transport and is evaluated in terms of results and outputs with investment in urban transport and railways in addition to broadband infrastructure. Results and outputs in the ‘sustainable development and environment’ policy part are fairly incomplete because of prevalence of management capacity and small projects being less in comparison to creativity. The key achievements are in renewable energies and energy efficiency. In ‘territorial development’, predicaments in some urban parts are being tackled via calls for proposals, which have resulted to creation of the first concrete projects, in addition to sport, tourism, and cultural activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Territorial Cooperation review on operating programs reveals that there is a general equilibrium between results and outputs in the ‘knowledge economy’ and ‘sustainable development’ policy areas. SRIs have indisputably armored the obligation of officials and politicians at regional point to improvement support strategies, taking part to improve the innovation supremacy scheme, and had a patent effect in escalating wakefulness of the significance of an extra demand-oriented plan and putting more focus to non-technological innovation, service innovation as well as financial engineering. Successively, joint R&D projects have played part in nurturing customs and practice of partnership in both academic community and industry (Funck & Pizzati, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The traditions and practice of appraisal has made noteworthy development in France in the last few years at state as well as regional rank, moderately under the demands of innovative institutional, the Commission and policy system. However, the approaches remain comparatively customary, as shown in the state appraisal of pà ´les de compà ©titività ©. In comparison to the 2005 concluding assessments of SPDs and ERDF, the latest appraisals concentrate on scrutinizing the effects, pointing to key issues and essential re-orientations further than the plain evaluation of the execution of the programs and strategies assessed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most remarkable assessments are the national evaluation of the pà ´les de compà ©titività © (2008) and various regional assessments which focus to specific problems that are serious in France such as the allotment of capabilities and the synchronization between the national and regional systems. They primarily focus on the ‘knowledge economy’ policy part and they in broad highlight once more that it is obligatory to take enhanced account of the exact features of areas or sub-regions, to perk up the authority system, to focus more on the account of non-technological improvement and service innovation , and to incorporate SMEs more efficiently. Regional development also recommends a shift from procedures behind knowledge transfer organizations to dealings supporting joint R&D projects. This is established by the evaluation of the regional improvement systems set up in the SRIs (â€Å"Regional Policy†, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The five regions that exist in France include Ile de France which is the capital region, Western regions, Rhone-Alpes, Changing or the outermost regions and the Southern regions. Ile de France takes a unique position because it accommodates headquarters of huge companies and it is highly concentrated with government offices. Capital region is also highly populated with active and young people with a life-long education at an outstanding level. Its performance is high in regard to all indicators such as competent work-force, private and public R&D expenditure as well as higher education. Ile de France contributes an approximate of 28% of national value-added. Research findings reveal that over the last decade, the capital region is slowly being undertaken by Western and Southern regions in terms of growth of GDP per capita, national value-added and research potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rhone-Alpes is the second largest region in regard to GDP and population. Its national value added has slightly increased from 9.4% in 1990 to 9.6% in year 2002. The unemployment rate in Rhone-Alpes region is lower than the national average rate. It has a multifaceted structure with service center such as Lyon, banking, industrial, manufacturing spots, and a world rank R&D monopoly in Grenoble. Southern regions have a higher than average ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP. The Southern regions draw immigrants from Northern and capital regions. It has a young population with a high unemployment rate which drastically fell until 2008. There are strong intra-regional differences because of concentration of research and services in the capital cities and the contrasting significance of mountain and rural areas. Southern regions gain from pensions of retiring generations and the unemployed who move to the â€Å"sun belt†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western regions continue to experience high growth in terms of competent people and their cities are amongst the most gorgeous in France. The unemployment rate in Western regions is also below that of the country in general. In addition some regions do not have special features in terms of R&D, higher education and competent personnel. Low unemployment level in some regions may be caused by emigration of active generation while others have old industrial base; where despite increased labor, they still experience slow growth and high unemployment rate. French outermost regions undergo various challenges such as cost of access, remoteness, high dependence on the metropole, lack of critical mass and environment challenges. The business sector hugely depends on the government and tourism sector. The ration of minimum income support in French outermost regions is six times compared to the mainland France. There is extremely high unemployment ra te as compared to the national average. France outermost regions comprises of micro-enterprises and service-related SMEs, which are mostly family owned and neither innovation nor export oriented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Information from statistical data on GDP per capita and population reveals some of the key transforms that have occurred in various regional groups. The Western and Southern regions had the highest population growth from 1999 to 2007. The increase in population in these regions can be associated to migration from capital and other French regions. Region Population growth (%) Corsica +15 Languedoc-Roussillon +11.6 Midi- Pyrà ©nà ©es+10.1 Aquitaine +8.3 Pays de la Loire +8.1 Provence-Alpes-Cà ´te-d’Azur +8 Bretagne +7.4 Rhà ´ne-Alpes +7.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The capital region had population growth of 5.9%. The areas with lower population growth were either rural areas such as Bourgogne, Auvergne, Champagne-Ardenne, and Picardie or old industrial regions such as Lorraine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and Haute-Normandie. Region Population growth (%) Champagne-Ardenne -0.2 Nord-Pas-de-Calais +0.6 Lorraine +1.3 Bourgogne +1.5 Haute-Normandie +2.1 Picardie +2.3 Auvergne, +2.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The situation in the French outermost regions various immensely with growth of 12.4% in La Reunion and Quasi-stability in Guadeloupe, however there was high growth of 35.5% in Guyane due to high birth rate and immigration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Demographic changes in most French regions raise concerns about the future prospects of France. There is low population growth in most French regions because of low fertility. These regions have an ongoing trend of population ageing and this is expected to have profound implications across French both regionally or nationally. Low fertility rates will lead to low population of working generation to support the aged people, high percentage of aged people, and reduction in number of students in education. Elderly people will require additional healthcare, infrastructure and adapted housing. The structural demographic changes will have an impact on French capacity to balance their funds, provide enough health services and pensions, and raising tax revenue (Laurent et al, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Population ageing and decline are the most demanding trends for future prospects of a country. Immigration is also a very significant factor of population growth in some French regions especially Southern region which attracts immigrants from Capital and Northern regions. Great variations in demographic patterns between French regions rely on various socio-economic aspects. Regions in the rural and peripheral places and the mountain and customary industrial areas are prevalent to de-population. The demographic rend in French regions have significant policy and socio-economic implications because they influence growth and productivity, shortage of workers, urban-rural imbalances in populations, and provision of healthcare and social services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Demographic change is a major aspect that place concerns in levels of intervention and policy areas, which include employment plans, rural and urban planning, integration and immigration policies, social infrastructures and communication, family and gender equality policies and social protection systems. Research evidence on population trend in economic crisis reveals that recession resulted to decrease in fertility rates and birth rates (Funck & Pizzati, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrial structure in French regions reveals major disparities in regard to the significance of diverse operations within non-financial business economies. Regions such as capital region are highly populated with active and young generation. The population in urban and capital regions has an outstanding level of education level. Industrial structure depends on the infrastructure, availability of resources, skilled workers as well as topographic and climatic regions. Urbanization rate in France is high since people migrate from rural to urban areas seeking for employment. The urban areas also attract people from other regions; for example, western region is among the beautiful cities in France.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are high unemployment rates in most regions which might be caused by lack of skilled personnel, continuing trend of ageing population. There is great improvement in some regions which emphasize on ICT and related services since advanced technology is also a cause of unemployment. High population is another cause of unemployment. The global crisis during the great depression also caused unemployment. GDP per capita is high in capital and urban regions which attract tourism and with skilled workers. GDP is low in rural and customary industrial regions. In other regions low GDP is caused by high number of aged people who are unproductive. Capital regions have active, educated and young generation who are productive, thus they have high GDP per capita.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The growth of the GDP per capita since 1990 to 2008 gives significant views to complement the demographic data. The highest GDP growth is experienced in Western and Southern regions. Region Growth in GDP per capita (%) Bretagne 33.4 Pays de la Loire 30.1 Poitou-Charentes 26.3 Midi-pyrenees26.7 Aquitaine 26.6 PACA 25.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The GDP growth in Rhone-Alpes and Ile de France was 20.5% and 22.9% respectively. These two regions had a slightly lower GDP growth as compared to the national average of 22.9%. The GDP growth in Alsace was only 11.8%. Alsace is famous as the fourth most thriving French region. The other regions with low GDP per capita growth include Lorraine (17.3 % and Franche-Comte (15.2%), which are regions with customary industries. Other areas with low GDP per capita growth were mostly rural areas such as Centre (15.4%), and Picardie (13.2%). The French outermost regions had a significant contribution with a GDP per capita growth of 29.9% since 1990 up to 2008. The overseas area GDP per capita growth is lower as compared to the national average (22.8%). In addition, high unemployment still persists in these outermost regions such as Guadeloupe, La Reunion and Guyane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recent research findings brings out a paradox since the less productive regions had immense development in regard to population, employment, income and welfare, while poverty still exist in some of the most thriving regions. This implies that there is an increasing trend of discrepancy between logic of progress and logic of growth. In other instances, some regions such as southern regions depend on pension transfers which hinder them from global competition. The productive regions are the main providers of taxes and engines of French development. For example Paris metropolitan region which accounts for 30% of national GPD, but whose households only receive 22.5% of the national household income. A policy debate has led to concerns regarding strengthening of Ile de France region in terms with the concept of â€Å"Grand Paris†. This might be a classical occurrence in other European countries, but this French system is different becaus e of immigration to Southern regions, and to some extent the Western regions. The immigration has prevailed for more than 20 years and has greatly affected the distribution of wealth and income in France (Lopriore, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The regional development policy has not been affected by the macroeconomic context. The French government failed to abide by the policies of the stability and Growth pact regarding public debt and budget deficits until 2010. The overall government investment and expenditure has exceeded EU average, there is also low than average yearly GDP growth rate, in addition, because of high investment in regional and local authorities as well as decentralization. Regional development policies have died down from being chief policies over the last few years. At operational stage, regional development policy has basically resulted from amalgamation of operational programs and contrats de plan Etat-region programs with slightly larger plans. At policy-making stage, regional development policies focus on particular areas with an aim of mountain areas, coastal and rural areas and areas with hardships in cities. Cluster policy was developed at the end of 1990, resulting to general program â€Å"Pà ´les de compà ©titività ©Ã¢â‚¬ . Recently, Pà ´les de compà ©titività © is regarded as the most evident tool of a state policy of regional development. The other policy is Prime d’Amenagement du Territoire (PAT), which is a grant plan for business creating jobs. Pat was founded in 1996 and was evaluated in 2006.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The comparative lack of regional development policy has been substituted by investement in infrastructure such as high-speed railway system. The railway network favored the Western and Southern Mediterranean parts. The existing crisis has not affected the general structure of the regions. However, manufacturing regions has been greatly affected. The crisis has intensified social differences with outcomes for poverty in urban regions associated to high unemployment levels. The crisis has greatly raised concerns regarding the prospect of investment and expenditure in the regional and national levels. Research findings reveal that GDP declined by 0.2% in 2008 and significantly declined by 2.6% in 2009. The French government increased their investment and expenditure resulting to deficit and debts in public sector. French regions have struggled to sustain the level of investment, however local authorities are anticipated to face cut off in fin ancial transfers from the state. A reduction in social benefits will have short-term effects on the regions subjugated by public-residential economy as well as urban predicaments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other instances, some regions have overcome the execution of their European Regional Development Fund operational programs in reaction to the crisis. The regional development policy based on the competitiveness and convergence regions can be evaluated through three policy document namely: the contrats se projet Etat-Region, Regional Schemes for Economic Development and the European Regional Development fund operational programs. The explanation of SRDE in every region is based on the review of 2003 Constitution and 2004 Parliament Act famous as â€Å"Decentralization Acte II† that gave French regions new competencies in the area of economic development. Documents from SRDE are basically policy proposals that do not involve financial obligations of the regional authorities. European Regional Development Fund favor for regional progress is fairly coherent with national policy because there is a solid relationship between the ERDF o perating programs and CPER. The coherence between the regional development policy and CPER/ERDF operating programs can be analyzed through appraisal of SRDE. Generally there are no principal differences between CPER/ERDF operating programs and SRDE.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schà ©mas Rà ©gionaux de Dà ©veloppement Economique (SRDE) outlines the significance of training, education and employment in regard to the anticipation of social and economic change as well as internalization. European Regional Development Fund is complementary to area expansion policy and does not include latest priorities. French regions have given priority axis to innovation and research, competitiveness, fight against greenhouse effect and sustainable development. Accessibility and transport are other priority axis emphasized by the regions. Terriotorial development is another aspect found in the regions priority axis either as a common policy theme occasionally connected to accessibility, cohesion and attractiveness or focusing on particular fields. Aquitaine is the only region that supports ICT. ICT is also supported by other large-scale projects in Languedoc-Roussillon. Lorraine and PACA fully support competitiveness and innovat ion while Rhode-Alpes support accessibility. Guyane and Martinique support social cohesion and health, La Reunion focus on human resource development while Auvergne is the only region which supports financial engineering (Ockwell, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also vital to recognize other priority axis emphasized by other regions such as European and international dimension. This includes international environment and competitiveness found in Pays de la Laoire and La Reunion. In regard to financial obligation, competitiveness and the knowledge economy seem as the first policy area, while sustainable development and environment takes the second position. In some instances, some aspects of transport policy and territorial development can be linked to sustainable development. There are some discrepancies between convergence and convergence and employment and competitiveness regions. Convergence regions emphasize on the significance of human resource and education development via the ERDF, they also have priorities focused to the reparation for the structural handicaps and ultra-peripherality. In contrast, competitiveness and knowledge economy regions get minimal share of allocation (â€Å"R egional Policy†, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It must be highlighted that all regions incorporate support to poles in the proximity axes devoted to competitiveness and knowledge economy. Poles de competitivite are regarded as part of primary structure of regional development. French region incorporate territorial cooperation operational programs with faintly analogous priorities. The global economic crisis begun to have significant effect on the French economy in 2008. The crisis had distinct impacts depending on the French regions and their economic configuration. For example, Midi-Pyrenees was not greatly hit because it specialized in space industry and aeronautics, while customary industrial regions such as Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Lorraine suffered adversely. The French Government incorporated various measures to combat the crisis especially the implementation of European Regional Development Fund operational programs as component of its â€Å"plan de reliance†, in particular to speed up the execution of the operating programs, and focus on ‘Lisbon’ priorities, digital infrastructure, and energy efficiency for housing as well as sustainable development. Other regions incorporated additional strategies to combat recession; for instance, PACA included vocational training, social watch and economic strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is discrepancy between the original and newest allocation of ERDF financing in the five regions, corresponding to changes which were vital in the initial programming stage. There is reduction of initial allocations in Poitou-Charentes and Bourgogne. The reason behind reduction of allocation was the fact that the procedures were not adequately attractive, and, for sustainable non-road transport in Poitou-Charentes and the need of undertaking preliminary technical and feasibility studies. In Lorraine, Pays de la Loire and Franche-Comte, some priority axes have been cut short while others are improved with a depressing net impact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The implementation rate in the convergence regions such as Guadeloupe, Guyane and Martinique is approximately 5-7% and 11.9% in La Reunion. The higher implementation in La Reunion is due to existence of shared strategic vision among its members in addition to solid partnerships. Generally the priority measures and axes dedicated to economy, competitiveness and innovation have a comparatively higher execution rate compared to other policy areas, except in La Reunion where the highest execution rates are in transport and accessibility and sustainable development. In the employment and competitiveness regions the execution rate is highest for the priority axes devoted to the innovation, knowledge and competitiveness of enterprises in regions such as Limousin, Centre, Alsace, Haute-Normandie, Auvergne, Aquitaine, Champagne-Ardenne, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d’Azur, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenees, and Pays de la Loire. The situation of th e regions may differ greatly since in some regions, it is innovation and knowledge economy that have high implementation rate, while in others is financial engineering or competitiveness of enterprises. In most regions, implementation rate ranges from 8 to 14 percent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On standard, the priority axes devoted to environment, sustainable environment and energy have a lower implementation rate. Nine regions had an implementation rate between 2 to 5 percent and nine other regions in a 7-10 range while Bourgogne had the highest implementation rate of 15.4 percent. The priority axes devoted to transport and accessibility, including ICT, has the highest implementation rate in Bretagne. Bretagne has an implementation of 14.5% associated to the construction of the high-speed railway. Generally, the regions have a lower implementation rate as compared to the priority axes devoted to the innovation, competitiveness and economy. The regions devoted to particular aspects such as territorial development have lower implementation rate in general except Franche-Comte. Franche-Comte has an implementation rate of 24.8% which dedicated its efforts at balancing intra-regional development. The intra-regional development invol ves expansion of the mountainous region of the Jura. The discrepancies in the implementation rates between different priority axes can be explained using various factors. Implementation rate in energy and environment policy area is mainly affected by the existence of less established agencies and administrations. The region also experienced a tricky reorganization in the foundation of the Directions regionales de I’environnement, de I’ amenagement et du lodgement (DREAL), in addition to involvements with undersized projects (â€Å"Regional Policy†, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The innovation, knowledge economy and competitiveness policy area have a relatively high implementation rate because these regions experience a well-established administration, strong links with enterprises, good relations with the SRI, amd from the emphasis and momentum on innovation. In some instances, new measures have not impacted full impact such as the Grenelle de I’ Environnement in comparison with the mantra on knowledge economy and innovation caused by the Lisbon plan, and reinforced in France by the (SRI) Regional Innovation Strategies, which were implemented in all French regions in 2009. The implementation rate in transport and accessibility policy areas is influenced by the need to carry out a lot of feasibility and preliminary studies before construction work sets off.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from the crisis issue, the implementation of operation programs had to deal with some organizational and institutional problems. For example, Franche-Comte implemented 2007-2013 operating programs together with final step of 2000 to 2006 SPD. The economic actors and administrative staff had to understand guidelines and objectives in order to cope with the implementation process. The implementation procedure lacked knowledge of officials and adequate time particularly while undertaking innovative projects in Alsace as well as highly technical issues such as high-speed railway network in Bretagne. Other projects were abandoned because they were too complex and would take long duration to be implemented. An example of such project is innovation company creation in Languedoc and Rhone-Alpes regions. In addition some parts of ERDF policies were problematic to some regions; for example income-generating projects in Article 55. The general implementation rate might be low, but commitment rate gives a clear elaboration. France lags behind in ERDF commitment in competitiveness region at the end of 2009. ERDF commitment rates EU27 France Employment and competitiveness objective 30.4% 27.6% Convergence objective 25.2% 26.1%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The convergence regions had a commitment which is relatively higher than EU27 convergence average and relatively lower than the competitiveness and employment regions. This implies that local and state regions have made efforts in managing structural funds, regardless of the customary problems encountered in the overseas areas, even if most of the EU27 regions are in the EU12 with inadequate knowledge of executing cohesion policy schemes. France has devoted efforts in innovation support for SMEs, risk and environment prevention as well as transport. On the other hand, EU devoted its efforts in ICT and related fields. There is a shift in strategy priorities towards innovation and the environment. There is relatively high commitment rate for innovation support for SMEs is somewhat noteworthy since it has posed difficult to implement projects of this type in French overseas regions. They have placed more emphasis on innovation. ERDF commitment rate EU27 (%) France (%) Enterprise environment 32.6 17.1 ICT and related services 32.3 32.9 Innovation support for SMES 20.7 32.9 Human resources 17.5 38.3 Transport 22.3 35.2 Energy and environment 16.1 37.9 Energy infrastructure 12.1 18.5 Risk prevention and environment 16.8 39.5 Territorial development 32.9 20.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The commitment rate in the competitiveness regions is lower than the EU27 average as regards territorial development and transport because urban and transport projects are indulge long schemes before work begins. ERDF commitment rate EU27 (%) France (%) Enterprise environment 33.8 30.5 ICT and related services 24.1 42.4 Innovation support for SMEs 29.2 18.4 Other investments in firms 54.7 42 RTDI and associated activities 32.2 36.3 Human resources 17.7 37.5 Transport 27.8 22.8 Energy and environment 20.2 22.2 Energy infrastructure 18.5 27.1 Risk prevention and environment 21.3 18.8 Territorial development 34.8 28.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commitment rates are high in enterprise support where the rates are particularly high for other investment firms and ICT and related services. The crisis greatly affected commitment rate of innovation support for SMEs. High commitment rate in innovation, knowledge economy and competitiveness signifies existence of competent administration and reluctant emphasis on innovation. Lower commitment rate in energy and environment signify lack of technical skills in agencies and administrations in addition to investment in large number of undersized projects as well as complex procedure of reorganization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not easy to highlight the achievements from the programs because of the difference between initial and programmed objectives. Research reveals that only a few projects have been implemented due to time required for implementation process. Annual Implmentation reports of 2009 reveal that first achievements are beginning to be realized and this is an explanation why AIRs place more emphasis on the programmed projects rather than the achieved programs. In other instances, various indicators in AIRs make comparison efforts very difficult. Regional indicators might be emphasized by some regions, while neglecting EU and national indicators. In some regions, there are no reports or mentioning of the indicators. Comparison might also be difficult because of the likelihood of inappropriate naming of the indicators. In addition, the approaches and the sources used while reporting the indicators continue being imprecise in various regions (â₠¬Å"Regional Policy†, 2010)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major achievement across French regions prevails in 2009 Regional innovation strategies. Generally, the highest rates and achievements are very crucial in large majority of regions. Urban problems are solved by improving urban transport in cities such as Limousin, Nord-Pas-de Calais. The regions with geographic handicaps develop high speed railway to improve access. There is also improvement of energy and renewable energy in rural areas as well as Southern regions. The evaluation carried on sustainable development and innovation reveals that policies devoted to sustainable development did not consider social issues. Regional innovation strategies have contributed immensely amongst all French regions to the improvement of innovation authority system, expansion of culture of innovation in regional and state administrations, and homogenization of interest in innovation. SRIs emphasize on non-technological innovation and service innovation in addition to financial engineering (Laurent et al, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, regional development is very vital since it will ensure equitable distribution of resources among all regions. Regional development mainly focuses on sustainable development, energy efficiency for housing as well as digital infrastructure. The main regions in France include Ile de France, Southern regions, Western regions, outermost regions and Rhà ´ne-Alpes. The central region holds an exceptional place since it is concentrated with governmental offices and headquarters of large companies. The major differences in these regions reveal themselves in terms of unemployment rate, population and GDP per capita. French outermost regions face a lot of problems such as cost of access, remoteness, geographical handicap, high dependence on metropole, lack of critical mass and environmental challenges. High population in some regions is because of high birth rate and immigration. Regions with lower GDP are either rural areas or regio ns with customary industries. Research reveal that only a few projects have been implemented since some of the projects are very complex and will take long time to implement them. It is also to identify the achievement of the implemented projects because there is difference between initial and programmed objectives. Regional development was greatly affected by the Global crisis, organizational and institutional issues. Regional development efforts were also affected by lack of time and competent officials especially when handling highly technical issues. References France., & France. (2006). Spatial planning and sustainable development policy in France. Paris: MinisteÌ€re des affaires eÃŒ trangeÌ€res. Funck,  B., & Pizzati,  L. (2003). European Integration, Regional Policy and Growth. Washington, DC: World Bank. Laurent,  H., Mignolet,  M., & Meunier,  O. (2009). Regional policy: What is the most efficient instrument? Papers in Regional Science, 43, 260. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00214.x Lopriore,  M. (2001). A critical view of the 2nd Social and Economic Cohesion Report and the future of regional policies after 2006. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2002). Impact of transport infrastructure investment on regional development. Paris, France: Author. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Linking regions and central governments: Contracts for regional development. Paris, France: OECD. Regional Policy. (2010, November 10). Retrieved  October  24, 2014, from http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/evaluation/pdf/eval2007/country_reports/france.pdf Source document

Declining Morality Essay

Teen pregnancy is occurring everywhere. Profanity has greatly increased in the entertainment industry. Dances are becoming more vulgar and are teaching small children bad habits. Out-of-wedlock births now seem to be common and, therefore, less frowned upon than before. One of the most important challenges to humanity today is obviously our drastic decline in morality. Some may say our morals are even being completely redefined. At this rate, will our generation’s children grow up in an even worse environment than our current situation? One of the most influential causes for society’s decreasing morality is today’s music. Children as young as three years of age are learning such profane language from listening to lyrics without parental supervision and repeating them for their friends to hear. Drug and alcohol abuse, premarital sex, and violence are being especially promoted in current rap music. The dances associated with such songs also suggest these ideas. There should already be a limit to what youth are allowed to hear, and with lack of this supervision along with increasing vulgarity, kids are trying to grow up much too fast. This can connect to the increasing teen pregnancy rate. Marriage used to be morally required in order to reproduce and raise children. Out-of-wedlock births are becoming more popular. This can be linked to dysfunctional families and children being raised without both parents present. Therefore, the youth do not always receive the deserving attention and support needed to lead a successful life. Increasing divorce rates and custody battles also contribute to this issue. All in all, today’s youth are not thriving as they should be. Yet, this is not only effecting young people but also our society as a whole. Morality’s downfall has become an austere issue that must be addressed to the public. If failed to be brought to attention soon, the adolescents of today could possibly wreak havoc on later society.

Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essays

Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essays Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essay Challenges For Afro Caribbean Minorities Social Work Essay Essay Harmonizing to Wirth ( 1945 ) a minority group is any group of people who because of their physical or cultural features, are singled out from others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal intervention and who hence regard themselves as objects of corporate favoritism. National Statistics ( 2003 ) suggest that in 2001, black Caribbean s established 1 % while black Africans accounted for 0.8 % of the entire 59 million population of the UK. The being of a possible glass ceiling for Afro-Caribbean minorities in the UK and further its impact on them would be discussed. David and Woodward ( 1998 ) suggest that a glass ceiling is the impression of being of a crystalline barrier that kept persons from lifting above a certain degree in corporations. These barriers exist at assorted degrees in organisations. Coyne, Coyne and Lee ( 2002 ) add that it is an upper bound to professional promotion, non readily perceived or openly acknowledged. It would be interesting to analyze the consequence of such a glass ceiling that might be on both male and females of Afro-Caribbean minorities in the UK. Britain ( 2006 ) indicates that black Caribbean adult females in 2001/2 had economic activity rates comparable to white adult females at 72 % . Conversely, African work forces and Caribbean s had really high unemployment rates that ranged between 25-31 % . Dol ( 2010 ) illustrates that glass ceiling research reveals three degrees of unreal barriers to the promotion of minorities and adult females in the private sector which are: Social barriers which may be outside direct control of concern Internal structural barriers within direct control of the concern Governmental barriers Social Barriers: Childs and Storry ( 2006 ) suggest that Afro-Caribbean s are seen as backward, barbarian and inherently inferior to Europeans, devouring unusual nutrient and carrying diseases. Further, the common belief is that most Afro-Caribbean s are nescient, illiterate and lacked proper instruction. Mwakikagile ( 2007 ) states that the perceptual experience of West Africans being dishonest and their monolithic engagement in deceitful offenses does in it self lead to greater favoritism when it comes to employment, proviso of services and publicities at occupation. Internal Structural Barriers: National Statistics ( 2006 ) point out that in 2004, Caribbean group were less likely to hold a grade as their highest making than white British people. Merely 11 % black Caribbean s had a grade compared to 17 % white British people so. This comparing shows that it was less likely of both groups being eligible for a good occupation and on acquiring one progressing due to hapless makings would be hard. Ginn ( 2003 ) argues that the few Afro-Caribbean work forces and adult females employed earn low norm rewards compared to other minority groups in the UK. Baxter and Wright ( 2000 ) argue that the image suggests that although it may now be the instance that African and Caribbean adult females are able to acquire through the front door of managerial hierarchies, at some point they hit an unseeable barrier that blocks any farther upward motion. Potter, Conway and Phillips ( 2005 ) supply support saying that there exists a race thing/barriers in the UK towards Afro-Caribbean people, being overlooked for publicity at work. Governmental Barriers: However, Blanpain, Bisom-Rapp, Corbett, Josephs and Zimmer ( 2007 ) argue that UK has stringent Torahs and ordinances formulated that prohibit such favoritism at workplace. Some of the Torahs stated are Equal Pay Act 2003, Employment Equality Regulations 2003 and Race Relations Act 1976. Yet, facts and figures as stated above suggest that these ordinances and Torahs are weak in preparation, lack vigorous and consistent monitoring and enforcement. Therefore, grounds suggests that there exists a glass ceiling and favoritism towards Afro-Caribbean minorities at the workplace in the UK. As a consequence of the being of a glass ceiling the Afro-Caribbean minority has reacted in varied ways. Potter, Conway and Phillips ( 2005 ) suggest that because of unemployment, low rewards and non being promoted at their work topographic point some Afro-Caribbean s return back to their place state. Further David and Woodward ( 1998 ) suggest that many adult females on the other manus who break the glass ceiling frequently find that they are walked out of more senior direction place. As a consequence Simpson ( 2006 ) points out that 1000s of Afro-Caribbean adult females have turned to self-employment as a manner to gain their ends, gain fiscal and employment independency or to interrupt or get the better of the glass ceiling. Further Simpson states that a new survey from the 1990 Trust showed that black people had the most success running their ain concerns in a society where many adult females from black and cultural minority ( BME ) were non being promoted or were overqualified f or the functions assigned to them. Simpson indicates that the part of the black concern sector is about ?4.5 billion and provides over 70,000 occupations in London s economic system entirely which is important. However, males of this minority might besides turn to offense because of unemployment or favoritism at work topographic point or due to low mean wage. The job here is the deficit of literature that perchance argues such a effect related to Afro-Caribbean males. Finally, the large trade names and large companies need to take an enterprise on the issue of glass ceiling for specific minorities in the UK and help in altering the state of affairs. Pollitt ( 2006 ) points out that no adult females in the UK of all time headed a big company leave entirely one from any minority. However, Cigna invested $ 2mn yearly in preparing and retaining female leaders. As a consequence female director turnover reduced from 50 % in 1998 to 24 % in 2006. Further, due to this 44 % females get promoted to senior direction places as compared to 12 % in 1999. Law and ordinance enforcement requires attending but more so it is the society that needs to alter its attitude towards Afro-Caribbean minorities if any important alteration is expected. Word Count: 958 Mentions Baxter J and Wright E ( 2000 ) The glass ceiling hypothesis a comparative survey of the United States, Sweden and Australia , GENDER A ; SOCIETY, 14 ( 2 ) : 275-294 Blanpain R, Bisom-Rapp S, Corbett W, Josephs H and Zimmer M ( 2007 ) . The planetary workplace: international and comparative employment jurisprudence: instances and stuffs, New York: Cambridge University Press Britain ( 2001 ) . Demography, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britain.tv/community_afro_demographics.shtml visited on 6th August 2010 Childs P and Storry M ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of modern-day British civilization, New York: Taylor and Francis Coyne B, Coyne E and Lee M ( 2004 ) . Human resources, care-giving, calling patterned advance and gender, Oxon: Routledge David M and Woodward D ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1998 ) . Negociating the glass ceiling: callings of senior adult females in academic universe, London: Falmer Press Dol ( 2010 ) . Executive drumhead: Fact happening study of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/reich/reports/ceiling1.pdf visited on 9th August 2010 Ginn J ( 2003 ) . Gender, pensions and the life class: how pensions need to accommodate to altering household signifiers, Bristol: Policy Imperativeness Mwakikagile G ( 2007 ) . Relations between Africans, African Americans and Afro-Caribbean s: tensenesss, indifference and harmoniousness 1st edn, Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press National Statistics ( 2003 ) . Population Size, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=273 visited on 7th August 2010 National Statistics ( 2006 ) . Education, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=461 visited on 6th August 2010 Pollitt D ( 2006 ) . Diversity in the work force , Human Resource Management International Digest, Vol.14, No.3, pp 19-21 Potter R, Conway D, Phillips J ( 2005 ) . The experience of return migration: Caribbean position, Aldershot: Ashgate Simpson T ( 2006 ) . Black businesswomen blaze a test to success , Voice Online available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php? show=10100 visited on 6th August 2010 Wahhab I ( 2009 ) . Why will no 1 help the unemployed minorities? , Guardian, 6th September, available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/sep/06/race-gender-ethnic-minorities visited on 7th August 2009. Wirth L ( 1945 ) . The job of minority groups in Linton R The Science of adult male in the universe crisis, New York: Colombia University Press Being OF GLASS CEILING FOR GAY AND LESBIAN MINORITIES IN THE UK Similar to the Afro Caribbean minority in the UK another type of minority in the UK are the homosexual and sapphic. Gates and Ost ( 2004 ) illustrate that homosexuals and tribades include even those who admit to a sexual attractive force to others of the same sex, irrespective of their sexual behaviour. They engage in sexual activity with others of the same sex. Campbell ( 2005 ) and Govan ( 2005 ) province that 6 % of the population or about 3.6 million Britishers are either homosexual or tribades which is a important per centum compared to the Afro-Caribbean minorities. Yet, Grew ( 2008 ) suggests that homosexuals and tribades have been already identified as minority group in the UK. Campbell ( 2005 ) and Govan ( 2005 ) province that of the 30 million work force in the UK, 1.5 million to 2 million are cheery and lesbians harmonizing to section of trade and industry. Their combined one-year income was an estimated GBP 60 billion. Further, a survey revealed that the mean male income in the UK was GBP 24,236 as compared to GBP 34,168 of a homosexual. Similarly, the income of an mean female was GBP 18,531 as compared to a tribade who earned GBP 24,783. Therefore, this survey suggests that even though homosexual and tribades are a minority, they earn much higher rewards at workplace as compared to average public. Another of import point noted by Campbell and Govan is the figure of homosexuals and tribades working in the UK at assorted appellations. A survey revealed that there were approximately 40 % homosexual and 25 % tribade s professionals working in the UK. Further, 11 % tribades and 13 % homosexual were keeping managerial places and besides 5 % tribades and 6 % homosexual were senior directors. Therefore, these figures suggest that even if there is a glass ceiling for minorities in the UK, it might non hold had much of an impact on the homosexual and sapphic minority. However, Cownie ( 2004 ) indicates that a survey found grounds of a glass ceiling runing against the publicity of cheery work forces and tribades. Further, lesbians faced highest sensed degrees of favoritism and torment. Kirton and Greene ( 2010 ) argue that gender and race can be regarded as the major forming rules of the labour market with disablement, age and sexual orientation being factors that influence employment forms and results. Therefore, these five dimensions of diverseness are chief beginnings of employment favoritism against homosexuals and tribades. Badgett and Franks ( 2007 ) note that heterosexual male foremans have a negative attitude towards gays more than tribades. Further, employers might utilize the sexual orientation of a adult male as a placeholder for the chance that he has or will contract HIV. Conversely, since tribades are less likely to unwrap their sexual orientation in the workplace, opportunity of direct favoritism is reduced. Apart from these stated g rounds, Avert ( 2010 ) states that people might hold a negative attitude towards homosexual and sapphic people because of strong spiritual beliefs that disapprove of sex or homosexualism and deficiency of cognition about gay sexual behavior. The job here is that really small literature sing this subject has been published and therefore comparing any tendency related to homosexuals and tribades that might be to a theory or theoretical account is hard. The UK authorities has formulated some Torahs, regulations and ordinances to avoid favoritism against homosexuals and tribades. Some of the Torahs listed by Cic ( 2010 ) are Employment Equality ( sexual orientation ) Regulations 2003 which intended to take favoritism on the evidences of sexual orientation and Equality Act ( Sexual orientation ) Regulation which extends statute law to forestall favoritism because of sexual orientation in the bringing of goods, installations, services, and instruction. However, there is once more really small literature sing how effectual are the Torahs against favoritism of homosexual and sapphic minorities. Therefore, the rating of their impact might be a mere guess non the existent image. Though literature suggests the being of a glass ceiling for homosexual and sapphic minority in the UK, there are few of this minority who dared to interrupt the so called pink glass ceiling . Some illustrations of such people are Sir Terence Etherton who Verkaik ( 2008 ) provinces was the first openly gay justice to be sworn in as Lord Justice of Appeal or Sir Michael Bishop, president of BMI air hoses helped BMI air hoses become a major force in the short draw air hose sector and Dawn Airey ( female ) Managing Director Sky webs who because of her work is one of the top earners on Television ( The Independent, 2006 ) . Therefore, holding a will to accomplish a end and taking the enterprise to present consequences are of import to interrupt the pink glass ceiling . Besides if these people have set the illustration, it might non be really hard for others to follow them. However, an statement here is whether organisations are taking up the enterprise to alter the bing environment for homosexuals and tribades at the work topographic point. Literature does propose that some organisations have so taken up enterprises towards such issues. For illustration, Metropolitan Police UK Operation Athena is an inaugural to advance anti-racism, racial equality and anti-homophobia in athleticss ( Parliamentary Assembly, 2004 ) . Yet, once more there is a deficiency of literature specific to enterprises taken up by UK organisations to assist homosexual and tribades at work topographic point. Finally, it can be concluded that there is some grounds of a glass ceiling for homosexual and sapphic minorities in the UK. However, grounds besides suggests that those homosexuals and tribades employed earn more than mean British male or female. Thus they are supposed to be financially unafraid, the argument is whether the homosexual and sapphic minority is satisfied with what they have achieved so far or they expect a better societal and work topographic point environment to execute better. Word Count: 953

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper †History Essay

Ancient Near East Reaction Paper – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Ancient Near East Reaction Paper History Essay The Epic of Gilgamesh is a legendary tale of the once ruler of Uruk that takes place about 2700 B.C. Gilgamesh’s story begins when he hears of Enkidu, an animal-like human who essentially challenges Gilgamesh’s manhood. Gilgamesh and Enkidu engage in a battle that results in a draw, and ultimately the two become friends. Gilgamesh goes on to reject the goddess Ishtar’s request for love, and in response to Gilgamesh, Ishtar summons the Bull of Heaven. Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the bull, Enkidu insults Ishtar and she casts him to the underworld for eternity. The death of Enkidu reminds Gilgamesh that he is mortal and he commits the rest of his life to obtaining immortality. Gilgamesh searches for Utnapishtim who is said to know the secret of obtaining immortality. Utnapishtim can be paralleled to Noah of the Bible, he is warned of a great flood and builds a ship to live through it. Because Gilgamesh would unfortunately never find the secret of immortality and would eventually die. His death marked the last epic emperor to rule Sumer. During the Old Babylonian period from about 2000-1600 B.C. messages of social justice and morality became more prominent. The sun god, Shamsh, emerged as the preeminent god of justice in Babylonian culture. During the Old Babylonian period Hammurabi came to power. When Hammurabi came to power the Old Babylonian Empire it was a very turbulent period. Hammurabi worked to improve on these ideas of social justice and morality. During the same age of Old Babylon existed another empire, Egypt left behind a great deal of texts inscribed on the walls of the tombs of kings and nobles. They left behind no epics, but their beliefs of what would lead them to worldly success. Egypt lacked moral principle at this point in time, but it didn’t last. Ptah-hotep’s lack of concern with the afterlife was soon overshadowed by a deep concern with the afterlife around 2300 B.C. Egyptian religion was now very concerned with preparation for the afterlife. Religious reform had long been at the forefront of Egyptian policy and it had resulted in a loss of territory. It was the goal of Ramses II to restore the areas of the empire that were lost, but it doing so he ran into the Hittites. After a short struggle the two civilizations came to a compromise. From the times of Gilgamesh to Hammurabi, from Hammurabi to Ramses II there was a great deal of change occurring throughout the Near East, but what remains constant is religion at the centerpiece of all this change. In the case of Hammurabi the new laws promoting morality and social justice worked to help the Old Babylonian Empire. Unfortunetly for Egypt this was not the case. Egpyt let their guard down to focus their attention on religion as well, but it resulted in problems. They began to lose territory and ultimately faced annihilation at the hands of the Hittites. Research Papers on Ancient Near East Reaction Paper - History EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andLifes What IfsGenetic Engineering

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Inductive and deductive reasoning - Essay Example They act as a form of representation of the people at work (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). These unions seem like a better place for the public workers to engage in collective bargaining in order to gain their fundamental needs. Over the last years, there have existed a number of key transformations in the economy and the industries. A large number of people are either without employment or they toil under the continuous intimidation of joblessness. These groups act on most cases on behalf of the union members. Through the management of the unions, the associates are able to pass their claims and needs to their employer as one voice (Cihon & Castagnera, 2011). This brings up the system of collective bargaining in that the union takes up the role of negotiating with the employer in order for them to offer a good deal to the workers. These forms of collective bargaining are aimed at coming to a point that the working state of the employees is regulated. The old, working outlines have been f orgotten. People are now working under different conditions, like short term contracts, temporary or part-time (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). ... A single employer cannot have control on some of the most crucial characteristics of their lives, for example, their working place. However, when the public workers get an opportunity to join the unions, they gain an upper hand in accomplishing democracy in the workplace. Their voice as one influences the founding of the regulations that have power over them (Cihon & Castagnera, 2011). Deductive reasoning is a form of research that works from a universal point of view to a precise point. On the other hand, inductive reasoning works in the converse way it moves from definite examination to broader overview (Wiley, 2013). Argument The workers undergo difficult problems, and they are not in a position to raise their concerns to the managers. These ranges from low payment, practices of labor that are exceedingly poor, unsafe working conditions and tough policies et cetera. In other occasions, the employer may become hostile to the workers and because the personnel are under the manager t hey have no power to complain as individuals (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). Majority of the workforce has been pushing for union representation (Brock &Â  Lipsky, 2003). They want to be represented in the negotiations that look upon their wages, working hours and other conditions that align with their employment; like safety from sucking without good reason (Wiley, 2013). The union will ensure that each employer has equal rights in their workplace as others. It shall ensure prosperity in the livelihood of people. This protects the wellbeing and offers security to the staff. There will be fairness in order for the nation to develop (Wiley, 2013). According to Brock &Â  Lipsky (2003), Public

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